Glossary
Acquisition costs
That portion of an insurance premium which represents the cost of obtaining the insurance business: it includes the intermediaries’ commission, the company’s sales expense and other related expenses.
Asset-backed securities
Securities backed by notes or receivables against financial assets such as auto loans, credit cards, royalties, student loans and insurance profits.
Asset-liability management (ALM)
Management of an insurance business in a way that coordinates investment-related decisions on assets and liabilities. Specifically, the ongoing process of formulating, implementing, monitoring and revising investment strategies related to assets and liabilities in an attempt to achieve financial objectives, while managing exposure to financial market risks, such as interest rates, credit spreads and currency movements.
Aviation insurance
Insurance of accident and liability risks, as well as hull damage, connected with the operation of aircraft.
Benchmark investment result
Includes changes in the economic value of liabilities (as represented by the replicating portfolio) as a result of movements in risk-free discount rates, the passage of time, changes in credit spreads, changes in equity prices or changes in the economic value of embedded options and guarantees.
Book value per share
The ratio of ordinary shareholders’ equity to the number of common shares entitled to dividend.
Business interruption
Insurance covering the loss of earnings resulting from, and occurring after, destruction of property; also known as “loss of profits” or “business income protection insurance”.
Capacity
Maximum amount of risk that can be accepted in insurance. Capacity also refers to the amount of insurance coverage allocated to a particular policyholder or in the marketplace in general.
Type of insurance – mainly comprising accident and liability business – which is separate from property, engineering and life insurance.
Catastrophe bonds
Securities used by insurance and reinsurance companies to transfer peak insurance risks, including natural catastrophes, to the capital markets. Catastrophe bonds help to spread peak exposures (see insurance-linked securities).
Cession
Insurance that is reinsured: the passing of the insurer’s risks to the reinsurer against payment of a premium. The insurer is referred to as the ceding company or cedent.
Claim
Demand by an insured for indemnity under an insurance contract.
Claims and benefits
Claims and benefits in the EVM income statement represent the present value of all estimated future claims and benefits on contracts written during the year. Changes in estimates of claims and benefits payable on contracts written in prior years are reflected in previous years’ business profit, along with changes in other underwriting cash flows relating to previous years.
Claims handling
Activities in connection with the investigation, settlement and payment of claims from the time of their occurrence until settlement.
Claims incurred and claim adjustment expenses
All claims payments plus the adjustment in the outstanding claims provision of a business year and claim adjustment expenses.
Claims ratio
Sum of claims paid and change in the provisions for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses in relation to premiums earned.
Coinsurance
Arrangement by which a number of insurers and/or reinsurers share a risk.
Combined ratio
The ratio is a combination of the non-life claims ratio and the expense ratio.
Commission
Remuneration paid by the insurer to its agents, brokers or intermediaries, or by the reinsurer to the insurer, for costs in connection with the acquisition and administration of insurance business.
Commutation
The termination of a reinsurance contract by agreement of the parties on the basis of one or more lump sum payments by the reinsurer which extinguish its liability under the contract. The payment made by the reinsurer commonly relates to incurred losses under the contract.
Cover
Insurance and reinsurance protection of one or more specific risk exposures based on a contractual agreement.
Credit insurance
Insurance against financial losses sustained through the failure, for commercial reasons, of policyholders’ clients to pay for goods or services supplied to them.
Credit spreads
Difference in yield between a fixed income security which has default risk and one which is considered to be risk-free, such as U.S. Treasury securities.
Directors’ and officers’ liability insurance (D&O)
Liability insurance for directors and officers of an entity, providing cover for their personal legal liability towards shareholders, creditors, employees and others arising from wrongful acts such as errors and omissions.
Disability insurance
Insurance against the incapacity to exercise a profession as a result of sickness or other infirmity.
Earnings per share (EPS)
Portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Economic net worth
Economic net worth (ENW) is defined as the difference between the market-consistent value of assets and liabilities. ENW is an economic measure of shareholders’ equity and the starting point in determining available capital under the Swiss Solvency Test (SST).
EVM
Economic Value Management (EVM) is Swiss Re Group’s proprietary integrated economic valuation and accounting framework for planning, pricing, reserving, and steering our business.
EVM capital
EVM capital is the capital required to support uncertainty related to estimated cash flows arising from existing underwriting and investment activities.
EVM profit
EVM profit is a risk-adjusted measure of performance that can be compared across all business activities.
Expense ratio
Sum of acquisition costs and other operating costs and expenses, in relation to premiums earned.
G-SIIs
Globally systemically important insurers.
Gross outperformance
Defined as the difference between the mark-to-market investment result and the benchmark investment result.
Gross underwriting result – new business
Gross underwriting result from new business is defined as present value of new business underwriting cash flows (eg premiums, claims, commissions, etc) before internal expenses, taxes and capital costs.
Guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB)
A feature of variable annuity business. The benefit is a predetermined minimum amount that the beneficiary will receive upon the death of the insured.
Health insurance
Generic term applying to all types of insurance indemnifying or reimbursing for losses caused by bodily injury or sickness or for expenses of medical treatment necessitated by sickness or accidental bodily injury.
Incurred but not reported (IBNR)
Provision for claims incurred but not reported by the balance sheet date. In other words, it is anticipated that an event will affect a number of policies, although no claims have been made so far, and is therefore likely to result in liability for the insurer.
Insurance-linked securities (ILS)
Security for which the payment of interest and/or principal depends on the occurrence or severity of an insurance event. The underlying risk of the security is a peak or volume insurance risk.
Layer
Section of cover in a non-proportional reinsurance programme in which total coverage is divided into a number of consecutive layers starting at the retention or attachment point of the ceding company up to the maximum limit of indemnity. Individual layers may be placed with different insurers or reinsurers.
Liability insurance
Insurance for damages that a policyholder is obliged to pay because of bodily injury or property damage caused to another person or entity based on negligence, strict liability or contractual liability.
Life insurance
Insurance that provides for the payment of a sum of money upon the death of the insured, or upon the insured surviving a given number of years, depending on the terms of the policy. In addition, life insurance can be used as a means of investment or saving.
Longevity risk
The risk to which a pension fund or life insurance company could be exposed as a result of higher-than-expected payout ratios. Increasing life expectancy trends among policyholders and pensioners can result in payout levels that are higher than originally expected.
Marine insurance
Line of insurance which includes coverage for property in transit (cargo), means of transportation (except aircraft and motor vehicles), offshore installations and valuables, as well as liabilities associated with marine risks and professions.
Mark-to-market
Adjustment of the book value or collateral value of a security, portfolio or account to current fair market value.
Mark-to-market investment result
Includes net investment income, realised gains and losses and changes in unrealised gains and losses reported under the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP). In addition, it includes changes in market value of investment positions carried at amortised cost under US GAAP. It excludes the following US GAAP items: investment income from cedants, unit-linked and with-profit business and certain loans as well as minority interest and depreciation on real estate.
Motor insurance
Line of insurance which offers coverage for property, accident and liability losses involving motor vehicles.
Net outperformance
Defined as the gross outperformance after deducting the actual costs incurred by managing our actual investment portfolio in excess of the internal fee paid by underwriting for the purchase and maintenance of the investment portfolio replicating the best-estimate liability and backing the associated capital requirements.
Net reinsurance assets
Receivables related to deposit accounting contracts (contracts which do not meet risk transfer requirements) less payables related to deposit contracts.
Net underwriting result – new business
Net underwriting result from new business is defined as the gross underwriting result from new business net of the present value of internal expenses allocated to new business but before taxes and capital costs.
Non-life insurance
All classes of insurance business excluding life insurance.
Non-proportional reinsurance
Form of reinsurance in which coverage is not in direct proportion to the original insurer’s loss; instead the reinsurer is liable for a specified amount which exceeds the insurer’s retention; also known as “excess of loss reinsurance”.
Operating margin ratio
The operating margin is calculated as operating result divided by total operating revenues. The operating result is before interest expenses, taxes and net realised gains/losses.
Operating revenues
Premiums earned plus net investment income plus other revenues.
Operational risk
Risk arising from failure of operational processes, internal procedures and controls leading to financial loss.
Premium
The payment, or one of the periodical payments, a policyholder agrees to make for an insurance policy.
Premiums and fees
Premiums and fees in the EVM income statement represent the present value of all estimated future premiums and fees on contracts written during the year. Gross premiums and fees represent premiums and fees before external retrocessions. Gross premiums and fees in the EVM income statement of the business segments also exclude retrocessions to other segments of the Group.
Premiums earned
Premiums an insurance company has recorded as revenues during a specific accounting period.
Premiums written
Premiums for all policies sold during a specific accounting period.
Present value of future profits (PVFP)
Intangible asset primarily arising from the purchase of life and health insurance companies or portfolios.
Principal Investments and Acquisitions
Principal Investments and Acquisitions is a unit of Swiss Re that manages all strategic acquisition activities of the Group as well as a portfolio of minority holdings in primarily insurance and insurance-related businesses with the goal of generating long-term value.
Product liability insurance
Insurance covering the liability of the manufacturer or supplier of goods for damage caused by their products.
Professional indemnity insurance
Liability insurance cover which protects professional specialists such as physicians, architects, engineers, lawyers, accountants and others against third-party claims arising from activities in their professional field; policies and conditions vary according to profession.
Profit margin
Profit margin is calculated for new business, previous years’ business and investment activities. The new business profit margin is the ratio of new business profit/loss to EVM capital allocated to new business over the lifetime of the business. The previous years’ business profit margin is the ratio of previous years’ business profit/loss to EVM capital allocated to previous years’ business in the current year. Investment profit margin is the ratio of investment profit/loss to EVM capital allocated to investment activities in the current year. These ratios can be used to compare profitability across all underwriting and investment activities on a consistent, risk-adjusted basis.
Property insurance
Collective term for fire and business interruption insurance as well as burglary, fidelity guarantee and allied lines.
Proportional reinsurance
Form of reinsurance arrangement in which the premiums earned and the claims incurred of the cedent are shared proportionally by the cedent and the reinsurer.
Provision for capital costs
Frictional capital costs provide compensation to shareholders for agency costs, costs for potential financial distress and regulatory (illiquidity) costs. Frictional capital costs include risk capital costs and funding costs. Risk capital costs are charged at 4.5% of eligible economic capital which consists of ENW and eligible hybrid debt. Funding costs are charged or credited at the legal entity level depending on the liquidity the respective legal entity uses or generates. In addition, the provision for capital costs includes an allowance for double taxation on the risk free return on capital allocated to underwriting activities.
Quota share reinsurance
Form of proportional reinsurance in which a defined percentage of the premiums earned and the claims incurred by the cedent in a specific line is reinsured for a given period. Quota share reinsurance arrangements represent a sharing of business in a fixed ratio or proportion.
Reinsurance
Insurance which lowers the risk carried by primary insurance companies. Reinsurance includes various forms such as facultative, financial, non-proportional, proportional, quota share, surplus and treaty reinsurance.
Reserves
Amount required to be carried as a liability in the financial statements of an insurer or reinsurer to provide for future commitments under outstanding policies and contracts.
Retention
Amount of risk which the policyholder or insurer does not insure or reinsure but keeps for its own account.
Retrocession
Amount of the risk accepted by the reinsurer which is then passed on to other reinsurance companies.
Return on equity
Net income as a percentage of time-weighted shareholders’ equity.
Return on investments
Investment related operating income as a percentage of invested assets. Invested assets include investments, securities in transit, certain financial liabilities and exclude policy loans, minority interests, cash and cash equivalents, as well as assets related to securities lending, repurchase agreements and collateral balances.
Risk
Condition in which there is a possibility of injury or loss; also used by insurance practitioners to indicate the property insured or the peril insured against.
Risk management
Management tool for the comprehensive identification and assessment of risks based on knowledge and experience in the fields of natural sciences, technology, economics and statistics.
Running yield
Net investment income on long-term fixed income positions, including coupon income and amortisation, as a percentage of the average market value of the long-term fixed income portfolio.
Securitisation
Financial transaction in which future cash flows from financial assets (or insurable risks) are pooled, converted into tradable securities and transferred to capital market investors. The financial assets are commonly sold to a special-purpose entity, which purchases them with cash raised through the issuance of beneficial interests (usually debt instruments) to third-party investors.
Solvency II
New regulatory framework for EU re/insurance solvency rules that introduces comprehensive, economic and risk-based regulation and includes prudential requirements on solvency capital, risk modelling, supervisory control and disclosure.
Stop-loss reinsurance
Form of reinsurance that protects the ceding insurer against an aggregate amount of claims over a period, in excess of either a stated amount or a specified percentage of estimated benefit costs. An example of this is employer stop-loss (ESL) coverage, which is used by US companies to cap losses on self-funded group health benefit programmes. The stop-loss can apply to specific conditions or aggregate losses.
Surety insurance
Sureties and guarantees issued to third parties for the fulfilment of contractual liabilities.
Surplus reinsurance
Form of proportional reinsurance in which risks are reinsured above a specified amount.
Swiss Solvency Test (SST)
An economic and risk-based insurance regulation, similar to the objectives of Solvency II to which all insurance and reinsurance companies writing business in Switzerland are subject. Since 1 January 2011, the SST-based target capital requirement is in force and companies must achieve economic solvency.
Tail VaR
See “Value at risk”.
An investment strategy process which analyses trends in the global economy and the associated impact on financial markets to assess the overall financial market outlook as well as their implications for various asset classes and risk exposures.
Total contribution to ENW
Total contribution to ENW is the total return generated for shareholders and includes the release of capital costs. Total contribution to ENW is therefore not a risk-adjusted performance measure.
Treaty reinsurance
Participation of the reinsurer in certain sections of the insurer’s business as agreed by treaty, as opposed to single risks.
Underwriting result
Premiums earned less the sum of claims paid, change in the provision for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses and expenses (acquisition costs and other operating costs and expenses).
Unearned premium
Part of written premium (paid or owed) which relates to future coverage and for which services have not yet been provided; this is carried in an unearned premium reserve and may be refundable if the contract is cancelled before expiry.
Unit-linked policy
A life insurance contract which provides policyholder funds linked to an underlying investment product or fund. The performance of the policyholder funds is for the account of the policyholder.
US GAAP
United States generally accepted accounting principles.
Value at risk (VaR)
Maximum possible loss in market value of an asset portfolio within a given time span and at a given confidence level. 99% VaR measures the level of loss likely to be exceeded in only one year out of a hundred, while 99.5% VaR measures the loss likely to be exceeded in only one year out of two hundred. 99% tail VaR estimates the average annual loss likely to occur with a frequency of less than once in one hundred years.
With-profit policy
An insurance contract that has additional amounts added to the sum insured, or paid/credited separately to the policyholder as a bonus, which result from a share of the profit generated by the with-profits insurance funds, including these funds’ interests in other blocks of business.
Some of the terms included in the glossary are explained in more detail in Note 1 to the Group financial statements.
Swiss Re uses some of the term definitions provided by the glossary of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS).